Content Outline

Massachusetts Science Framework Standard/s

Concepts Objective

Associated Mathematics Skills

Prerequisite skills

VI. Thermal Energy and Heat

     A. Thermal Energy

       1. Work and Heat

       2. Temperature

       3. Thermal Energy

       4. Thermal expansion

     B. Specific Heat

       1. Calculation of specific heat

          a. Formula

          b. Units: joules, calorie, BTU, therm

        2. Measuring heat changes

        3. Calorimetry

     C. Heat and Thermodynamics

       1. Conduction

         a. Thermal conductors

         b. Thermal insulators

       2. Convection

       3. Radiation

     D. Thermodynamics

        1. First Law Thermodynamics

        2.. Second Law Thermodynamics

        3. Third Law Thermodynamics

     E. Phase changes

        1. energy requirements

     F. Using Heat

        1. Heat Engines

          a. External and Internal

             Combustion Engines

        2. Heating Systems

            a. Hot-Water

            b. Steam

            c. Electric Baseboard

            d. Forced-Air

       3. Cooling Systems

            a. Refrigerators

            b. Air Conditioners

       4. Thermometers

       5. Thermocouples

3.1. Relate thermal energy to molecular motion.

3.2 Differentiate between specific heat and heat capacity

3.3 Explain the relationship among temperature change in a substance and the amount of heat transferred, the amount/mass of the substance, and the heat of the substance.

3.4 Recognize that matter exists in four phases.

T/E 4.1 Differentiate among conduction, convection and radiation in a thermal system

C1.3 Describe the four states of matter (solid, liquid, gas, plasma) in terms of particle motion and phase transition.

C6.2 Explain the relationship between temperature and average kinetic energy

 C10.1 Interpret the Law of Conservation of Energy

· Explain how heat and work transfer energy.

· Understand that heat  flows from hot objects to cold objects.

· Define temperature in terms of average kinetic of the particles in the substance.

· Convert temperature readings between Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales.

· Relate thermal energy to molecular motion.

· Relate temperature to thermal energy and to thermal expansion.

· Explain the relationship among temperature change in a substance for a given amount of heat transferred, the amount (mass) of the substance, and the specific heat of the substance.

· Calculate thermal energy, temperature change, or mass using the specific heat equation.

· Explain how a calorimeter measures changes in thermal energy.

· Describe conduction, convection, and radiation and identify examples of these processes.

· Define and classify materials as conductors or insulators.

· State the first law of thermodynamics and give examples of thermal energy transfers.

· Relate the second laws of thermodynamics to situations were thermal energy moves from cooler to warmer.

· State the third law of hermodynamics.

· Describe heat engines and explain how they convert thermal energy to mechanical energy.

· Identify and describe the different types of heating systems.

·                 Identify and describe the different types of cooling systems.

Be able to solve for the variables and supply appropriate units in each of the following formulae

H = mc∆T

m = H / c∆T

c = H / m∆T

∆T = H / mc

^oC= 5/9 (^oF-32)

^oF = (9/5 ^oC) +32

K = oC +273

^oC = K – 273

∆PE + ∆KE + ∆U = 0