Content Outline

Massachusetts Science Framework Standard/s

Concepts Objective

Associated Mathematics Skills

I.  Scientific Method

            A. Hypothesis

            B. Variables

            C. Experimentation

            D. Theories

· Identify and state a hypothesis

· Identify variables in an experiment.

· Record observations

· Draw inferences

· Evaluate Data and draw conclusions

· Understand the purpose of Laws and Theories

· Graphing

· Data Analysis

Content Outline

Massachusetts Science Framework Standard/s

Concepts Objective

Associated Mathematics Skills

II.  Measurement

            A.  Standards of Measurement

            B.  Units of Measure

            C.  Derived and fundamental quantities

            D.  Systems of Measurement

                        a.  English

                        b.  Metric

                        c.  SI

            E.  Conversion Factors

                        a.  Metric-metric

                        b.  Metric-English

            F.  Factor-Label Method 

            G.  Scientific Notation

            H.  Significant Figures

                        a.  Rules

                        b.  Calculations

            I.  Precision and Accuracy

T/E 1.1 Identify and explain the steps of the engineering design process, i.e., identify the problem, research the problem, develop possible solutions, select the best possible solution(s), construct a prototype, test and evaluate, communicate the solution(s), and redesign.

T/E 1.4 Apply scale and proportion to drawings, e.g., 1 ⁄4″ = 1′0″ .

· Identify the need for standardized measurements.

· Understand the units for different measurements in the different unit systems.

· Use units as a check for problem solving.

· Convert within and between unit systems.

· Multiply and divide by multiples of 10.

· Use calculators to solve complex problems.

· Change numbers into and out of scientific notation.

· Multiply/divide using scientific notation

· Work with significant figures:

· Understand the difference between precision and accuracy.

· Use the rules for exact numbers and rounding off.

· Measure quantities using unit systems

· Understand the difference between fundamental units

  and derived units

· Solve problems using unit pathways

· Understand the concept of density and specific gravity.

· Equation            manipulation

· D = m / V

S.G. = D_sub/D_std

· Exponents

· Arithmetic skills  Ratios

· Algebraic equation manipulation

· Rounding numbers

· Inverse proportion

· Direct proportions

Content Outline

Massachusetts Science Framework Standard/s

Concepts Objective

Associated Mathematics Skills

Prerequisite skills

III.  Survey of Matter

     A.  Heterogeneous substances

        1.  Mixtures

     B.  Homogeneous Substances

        2. Solutions

           a. Components

           b. Properties

           c. Characteristics

           d. Combinations

           e. Types

              Solid solutions

              Gaseous solutions

              Liquid solutions

              Aqueous solutions

    C.  Pure Substance

       1.  Elements

       2.  Compounds

    D.  Properties of Matter

       1.  Physical properties

         a.  Intensive

         b.  Extensive

       2.  Chemical Properties

   E.  Changes

      1.  Physical Changes

      2.  Chemical Changes

      3.  Energy Changes

   F.  States of Matter

1.1 Identify and explain some of the physical properties that are used to classify matter, e.g., density, melting point, and boiling point.

1.2 Explain the difference between mixtures and pure substances.

1.3 Describe the four states of matter (solid, liquid, gas, plasma) in terms of energy, particle motion, and phase transitions.

1.4 Distinguish between chemical and physical changes.

P2.1 Interpret and provide examples that illustrate the law of conservation of energy.

P3.4 Recognize that matter exists in four phases, and explain what happens during a phase change.

T/E2.4 Identify and explain the engineering properties of materials used in structures, e.g., elasticity, plasticity, thermal conductivity, density.

· Distinguish between an element, a compound, a solution, and a mixture.

· Identify physical and chemical properties

· Recognize methods for separating components of mixtures and compounds.

· Recognize physical, chemical, and energy changes.

· Distinguish between the states of matter on both a microscopic and macroscopic level

Content Outline

Massachusetts Science Framework Standard/s

Concepts Objective

         Associated

Mathematics Skills

Prerequisite skills

VI  Inorganic Nomenclature

    A.  Elements

        1. Traditional

        2. IUPAC

    B.  Valence of elements

        1. Traditional

        2. IUPAC

    C.  ions

       1. cations

       2. anion

       3. polyatomic

   D. Compounds

         1. Traditional

        2. IUPAC

   E. Writing correct formulas

        1. Compounds

           a. ionic bonding

           b. covalent bonding

        2. Diatomic gases

        3. Common acids

        4. Oxyanions 

3.2 Use the periodic table to identify metals, nonmetals, metalloids, families (groups), periods, valence electrons, and reactivity with other elements in the table.

4.1 Explain how atoms combine to form compounds through both ionic and covalent bonding.

4.6 Predict chemical formulas based on the number of valence electrons.

4.7 Name and write the chemical formulas for simple ionic and molecular compounds, including those that contain common polyatomic ions

B1.1 Explain the significance of carbon in organic molecules.

· Distinguish between inorganic and organic compounds.

· Memorize the formulas and valence numbers of metals, nonmetals, and polyatomic ions.

· Understand and apply the rules for formula writing

· Provide acceptable names for: elements and polyatomic ions;  Binary compounds of Univalent and multivalent elements; binary compounds of two non  metals; binary acids; ternary compounds: acids, salts, acid-salts; hydrates

· Ratios

· Common multiples

Content Outline

Massachusetts Science Framework Standard/s

Concepts Objective

Associated Mathematics Skills

Prerequisite skills

VII  Calculations Involving Chemical                         Compounds

     A.  Atomic, molecular, and formula mass

     B.  Gram atomic, gram molecular, and gram formula mass

     C.  Mole

         1. Molar mass

         2.Avogadro’s Number

     D.  Conversions

         1. Mole- Mass

         2. Mass – Mole

         3. Moles- Atoms

         4. Atoms – Moles

         5. Atoms- Mass

         6 Moles- Molecules

      E.  Percent Composition of Compounds   and percent hydration

        1.  Relation of Percent Composition to Law of Definite Proportions

     F.  Empirical and molecular formulas

2.2 Interpret Dalton’s atomic theory in terms of the Laws of Conservation of Mass, Constant Composition, and Multiple Proportions.

2.3 Identify the major components of the nuclear atom (protons, neutrons, and electrons) and explain how they interact.

5.3 Understand the mole concept in terms of number of particles, mass, and gaseous volume.

5.4 Determine molar mass, percent compositions, empirical formulas, and molecular formulas.

· Determine atomic, molecular, and formula masses.

· Determine gram atomic, gram molecular, and gram formula mass

· Determine percent composition of compounds and hydrates

· Convert between mass, moles, and particles.

· Calculate empirical and molecular formulas from percent compositions and mass analysis of a compound.

· Relate formulas to the Law of Definite Proportions

· Arithmetic   manipulations

· Percentages

· Ratios

· Proportions

· Exponential Notation

· Basic Arithmetic skills

· Percents

· Ratios

Content Outline

Massachusetts Science Framework Standard/s

Concepts Objective

     Associated

Mathematics Skills

Prerequisite skills

VIII.  Chemical Reactions and Equations

       A.  Terminology

           1. Reactants

           2. Products

           3. Yield sign

       B.  Types of Reactions

           1. Synthesis

           2. Single displacement

           3. Double displacement

           4. Combustion

           5. Neutralization

      C.  Rules For Balancing Equations

      D.  Predicting Products of Reactions

           1. Synthesis

           2. Single displacement

           3. Double displacement

           4. Combustion

           5. Neutralization

 5.1 Balance chemical equations by applying the law of conservation of mass.

5.2 Recognize synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, and neutralization reactions.

B1.5 Explain the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions.

B2.6 Identify the reactants and products in the general reaction of photosynthesis.

Describe the use of isotopes in this identification.

· To write the chemical symbols of elements

· To write the formulas of compounds

· To provide the definition for a chemical equation

· To write word equations.

· To write formula equations

· To relate the rules for balancing equations

· To explain energy changes

· To identify the types of reactions

· To identify the general forms of  reactions:  a. Composition (5 cases)

 b. Decomposition (9 cases)

 c..  Single  Replacement (4)

 d.  Double Replacement

 e. Combustion Reactions

· Ratios

· Basic arithmetic skills

· Ratios

· Algebraic manipulation

Content Outline

Massachusetts Science Framework Standard/s

Concepts Objective

     Associated

Mathematics Skills

Prerequisite skills

IX.  Stoichiometry

     A.  Introductory Terminology

     B.  Methods of Solving

     C.  Percent Yield

     D.  Limiting Reactants

2.2 Interpret Dalton’s atomic theory in terms of the Laws of Conservation of Mass, Constant Composition, and Multiple Proportions.

5.5 Calculate mass-mass, mass-volume, volume-volume, and limiting reactant problems for chemical reactions.

5.6 Calculate percent yield in a chemical reaction.

· Use balanced chemical equations to solve problems involving masses, moles, and particles of reactants and products.

· Determine limiting reactant and determine the amount of excess reactants.

· Calculate the percent yield for a reaction.

· Arithmetic Manipulations

· Ratios

· Proportions

· Percentages

Content Outline

Massachusetts Science Framework Standard/s

Concepts Objective

     Associated

Mathematics Skills

Prerequisite skills

 X.  Atomic Theory

    A.  Development of Atomic Model

        1. History of  the development of atomic theory

           a. Democritus

           b. Aristotle

           c. Antoine Lavoisier

           d. John Dalton

        1. Atomic Structure

          a. Michael Faraday

          b. Benjamin Franklin

             aa. Static electricity

          c. J.J. Thomson

              aa. Electron

          d. Robert Millikan

             aa. Electron charge

          e. Henri Becquerel

             aa. radioactivity

          f. Marie Sklodowska Curie

               Pierre Curie

          g. Ernest Rutherford

             aa. Alpha radiation

             ab. Beta radiation

             ac. Nucleus

      B.Atomic structure

          1. Atomic particles

            a. Protons

              1a. Properties

            b. Electrons

               1a. Properties

            c. neutrons

               1a.Properties

         2. Atomic mass

         3. Atomic numbers

         4. Ions

         5. Isotopes

         6. Nuclear stability

         a. Forces

         b. Alpha radioactive decay

         c. Beta radioactive decay

         d. gamma radioactive decay

XI. Modern Atomic Theory

     A. Electromagnetic Waves

        1. Wave

           a. amplitude

           b. wavelength

           c. frequency

           d. speed

        2. Electromagnetic spectrum

        3. Line spectra

    B. Quantum Theory

       1. Max Planck

          a. Planck’s constant

          b. Photon

          c. Planck’s equation

       2. Albert Einstein

          a. Photoelectric effect

       3. Louis deBroglie

    C. Bohr Model

        1. Atomic model

           a. Quantum number

           b. Ground State

           c. Excited state

    D. Werner Heisenberg

        1. Uncertainty principle

    E. Quantum-mechanical Model

        1.  Electron Configuration

           a. Principal energy levels

           b. Sublevels

           c. orbitals

      2. Pauli Exclusion Principle

      3. Aufbau Principle

      4. Hund’s Rule

      5. Diagonal rule

        a. Orbital diagrams

      6. Abbreviated electron configuration

2.1 Trace the development of atomic theory and the structure of the atom from the ancient Greeks to the present (Dalton, Thompson, Rutherford, Bohr, and modern theory).

2.2 Interpret Dalton’s atomic theory in terms of the Laws of Conservation of Mass, Constant Composition, and Multiple Proportions.

2.3 Identify the major components of the nuclear atom (protons, neutrons, and electrons) and explain how they interact.

2.4 Understand that matter has properties of both particles and waves.

2.5 Using Bohr’s model of the atom interpret changes (emission/absorption) in electron energies in the hydrogen atom corresponding to emission transitions between quantum levels.

2.6 Describe the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of wavelength and energy;

identify regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

2.7 Write the electron configurations for elements in the first three rows of the

periodic table.

2.8 Describe alpha, beta, and gamma particles; discuss the properties of alpha,

beta, and gamma radiation; and write balanced nuclear reactions.

· Understand the individual contributions to the model of the modern atom.

· Calculate the atomic mass of an element.

· Recognize that most atoms in nature exist as different isotopes.

· Compare and contrast the model of the atoms as modern atomic theory developed.

· Understand the relationship of radiant energy to the model of the atom.

· Explain the characteristics of a wave: amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed.

· Explain Bohr’s model for atomic structure

· Write the electron configuration and orbital diagram for an atom using the Aufbrau Principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle, and Hund’s Rule.

· Explain the significance of Pauli Exclusion Principle

· Explain the significance of Aufbau Principle

· Explain the significance of Hund’s Rule

· Apply Pauli Exclusion Principle, Aufbau Principle and Hund’s Rule to the electron configuration of an element

· Write the abbreviated electron configuration for an element

· Arithmetic Manipulations

· Ratios

· Percentages

· Inverse and Direct Proportions

· c = λf

· E=hf

· Geometric Shapes and Solids

Algebraic Manipulations

Content Outline