Content Outline

Massachusetts Science Framework Standard/s

Concepts Objective

Associated Mathematics Skills

Prerequisite skills

RESPIRATION

 I. Respiration

      a. ATP

         1. structure & function

         2. anabolism of ATP

         3. catabolism of ATP

 II. Anaerobic respiration

      a.. Site of reactions

     A.. Embden-Meyerhof Pathway

           (glycolysis)

        a. pathway steps

        b. pathway reactions

               1. isomeric

               2. decarboxylation

               3. dehydrogenation

        c. ATP usage & formation

        d. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduction       

      B. Fermentation reactions

          a. alcohol fermentation

          b. lactic acid formation

      C. Reactions necessary to prepare pyruvate to enter aerobic respiration reactions in the mitochondria (pyruvate to acetyl coA to enter the  mitochondria)

III. Aerobic Respiration

     A. Krebs Cycle

         (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, Citric Acid Cycle)

      1. Chemical reactions

         a.. Formation of citric acid

         b. Formation of intermediates

         c. Isomeric reactions

         d. Decarboylation reactions

         e. Dehydrogenation reactions                                       

     2. Coenzyme molecules

         a. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

            a. Structure, function and derivation

         b. flavin adenine dinucleotide

            a. Structure, function and derivation      

     3. Substrate production of adenosine triphosphate

         a. Guanine diphosphate  to guanine triphosphate

         2. ATP formation

     4. formation of oxaloacetate

        a. Cyclic nature of the Krebs Cycle              B. Electron Transport Systems

      1. Chemical components

          a. Nature of Chemical components

          b. reaction site

      2. Role of NADH & FADH₂

      3. Proton gradient

      4. Waste energy production

      5. Oxidative phosphorylation

      6. Chemiosomosis  

      6. Limiting factor for the Electron

Transport System

      7. ATP produced by coenzymes

      8. Net production of ATP from the Electron Transport System

      9. End products of the Electron Transport System

IV. Photosynthesis

A.     Light Reactions

1.      Photosynthetic pigments

        a. Absorption spectrum of

chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b,                  Carotenoids

2.      Photosytem I

3.      Photosytem II

4.      Noncyclic electron flow and cyclic electron flow

5.      Noncyclic photophosphorylation and cyclic photophosphorylation

    6. Chemiosmosis

 B. Calvin Cycle

     1. Carbon fixation phase

     2. Reduction phase

     3. Regeneration of Carbon dioxide phase

1.5 Explain the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions

2.8 Identify how cellular respiration is important for the production of energy.

2.9 Explain the interrelated natured of photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Chemistry

4.7 Name and write the chemical formulas for simple ionic and molecular compounds, including those that contain common polyatomic ions.

5.1 Balance chemical equations by applying the law of conservation of matter

5.2 Recognize synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement and neutralization reactions.

2.9 Explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration

· To identify the structural parts of the adenosine triphosphate molecule

· To draw the chemical structure of adenosine triphopshate

· To write the anabolism of adenosine triphosphate

· To write the catabolism of adenosine triphosphate

· To list the chemical reactions of glycolysis

· To identify the the reactions that use ATP

· To identify the reactions for the production of ATP

· To identify the chemical reactions preparing pyruvate to enter the Krebs Cycle

· Explain the net production of ATP from glycolysis per glucose molecule

· To distinguish between aerobic & anaerobic reactions.

· To compare & contrast lactic acid fermentation & alcohol fermentation

· To relate the chemical reactions of the Krebs cycle.

· To identify ATP amounts & sources formed by aerobic respiration

· Explain the role of the coenzymes NAD and FAD

· Explain the significance of the substrate production of ATP

· To relate the steps of the Electron Transport System.

· To identify the function of the cytochromes of the ETS.

· To identify the steps that produce ATP

· To identify the steps of the light reaction

· To identify the wavelengths of light that are involved in photosynthesis

· To explain what occurs within the photosystem I

·  To explain what occurs within the photosystem II

· To explain what occurs within the noncyclic electron flow

· To explain what occurs within the cyclic electron flow

· To explain what occurs within the noncyclic photophosphorylation

· To explain what occurs within the cyclic photophosphorylation

· To explain chemiosomosis

· To explain the Calvin cycle

· To write a generalized reaction for photosynthesis

· Definition of energy

· Forms of energy

· First Law of Thermodynamics

· Potential and kinetic energy

· Conversion between energy forms

· Structure of the chloroplast

· Electromagnetic Spectrum

· Wavelength

· Visible light spectrum

· Absorption spectrum

· Photons