Content Outline

Massachusetts Science Framework Standard/s

Concepts Objective

Associated Mathematics Skills

Prerequisite skills

GENETICS

  I. Types of chromosomes

      a. homologous chromosomes

      b. types of chromosomes

         1. autosomal chromosomes

         2. sex chromosomes

     c. karyotype

     d. Gamete formation

  II. Genes /alleles

      a. Dominant

      b. Recessive

      c. homozygous

      d. heterozygous

      e.  hemizygous

  III. Genotype

      a. homozygous genotype

           1. dominant

           2. recessive

      b. heterozygous genotype

  IV.  Phenotype

  V. Mendelian Genetics

      A. Law of Dominance

      B. Law of Segregation

      C. Law of Independent Assortment

 VI. Punnett Square

         a. Filial generations

      A. Completer dominance

        a. One factor cross

          1. Monohybrid cross

          2. Genotypic ratio

          3. Phenotypic ratio

        b. Two factor cross

          1. Dihybrid cross

          2. Genotypic ratio

          3. Phenotypic ratio

       c.  Three factor cross

           1.Trihybrid cross

           2. Genotypic ratio

           3. Phenotypic ratio

   B.  Incomplete dominance

         a. One factor cross

          1. Monohybrid cross

          2. Genotypic ratio

          3. Phenotypic ratio

         b. Two factor cross

          1. Monohybrid cross

          2. Genotypic ratio

          3. Phenotypic ratio

         c. Three factor cross

          1. Monohybrid cross

          2. Genotypic ratio

          3. Phenotypic ratio

VII. Hardy-Weinberg principle

VIII. Multiple alleles

        A. Codominance

IX. Inheritance

       A. Sex linked trait

          a. Genotypic ratio

          b. Phenotypic ratio

       B. Sex influenced trait

          a. Genotypic ratio

          b. Phenotypic ratio

       C. Polygenic traits

          a. Genotypic ratio

          b. Phenotypic ratio

       D. Gene linkage

   X. Non-disjunction

        A. Genetic syndromes

   XI. Mutations

        A. Chromosomal mutations

            1. deletion

            2. duplication

            3. inversion

            4. translocation

         B. gene mutation

            1. point mutation

         C. chromosomal aberrations

            1. trisomy

            2. polyploidy

               a. plants

               b. animals

            3. genetic syndrome

   XII. Gene regulation

      A. operon

         1.  lac operon

                  a. turned off by repressors

                  b. turned on by lactose

          2. Regulatory regions

               a. promoter

               b. operator

         3. TATA box

            1. promoter

               a. enhancer sequence

               b. substitution

               c. frameshift mutation -

   XIII. Human genome project

         1. gene mapping

         b. genes that have been identified as

         disease causing

         c. differentiation

XIV. Pedigrees

A.     Symbols

B.     Interpretation

XV. Population genetics

      a. blood type groups

      b. autosomal disorders

         1. recessive alleles cause

            a. albinism

            b. cystic fibrosis

            c. galactosemia

            d. phenylketonuria (PKU)

            e. Tay-Sachs disease

         2. codominant alleles

            a. sickle cell anemia

         3. dominant alleles

            a. achondrophlasia - (dwarfism)

            b. Huntington’s disease

            c. hypercholesterolemia

         4. chromosome defects

            a. chromosome 22

               1. leukemia

               2. neurofibromatosis

            b. chromosome 21

               1. ALS (amyotrophic lateral

                   sclerosis) (Lou Gehrig disease)

                2. Trisomy of 21

                   a. Down Syndrome

            c. Disorders of sex chromosomes

                1. Turner’s Syndrome

                2. Klinefelter’s Syndrome     

            d. sex-linked disorders

                1. color-blindness

                2. hemophilia

                3. Duchenne muscular dystrophy

XVI. Genetic engineering

      a. stem cell research

      b. cloning

      c. selective breeding

         1. hybridization

         2. in-breeding

      d. tools of genetic engineering

         1. DNA extraction

         2. cutting DNA

            a. restriction enzymes

         3. separating DNA

            a. gel electrophoresis

         4. reading DNA sequence

         5. cutting & pasting DNA

            a. recombinant DNA

         6. making copies

            a. polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

      e. cell transformation

         1. external DNA becomes a

            component of cellular DNA

            a. plasmid

                  1. circular DNA

                  2. genetic marker

      f. applications of genetic engineering

         1. spurred biotechnology

            a. transgenic organisms

            b. DNA fingerprinting

               1. usage

            c. gene therapy

               1. ethics

3.4 Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may be silent as a phenotypic change in an organism and in its offspring.

3.5 Differentiate between dominant, recessive, codominant, polygenic, linked traits.

3.6 State Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment

3.7 Use a Punnett Square to determine the genotype and phenotype of monohybrid, dihybrid, and trihybrid crosses.

3.8 Explain how zygotes are produced in the fertilization process.

3.7 Use a Punnett Square to determine the genotype and phenotype of monohybrid, dihybrid, and trihybrid crosses.

3.8 Explain how zygotes are produced in the fertilization process.

· To Identify the structures of a chromosome

· To summarize how DNA becomes a chromosome

· To explain the difference between a diploid cell and a haploid cell.

· To understand the gene as a major unit of heredity

· To differenciate between a trait and a characteristic

· Describe Mendel’s experiments, results, and conclusions.

· State and explain Mendel’s three principles.

· Know Mendalian genetics and be able to solve problems.

· Define probability, and explain how it is used to predict the results of genetic crosses

· Determine the possible gametes for a parental genotype

· Use a Punnett square to predict the results of monohybrid and dihybrid genetic crosses.

· Explain how a testcross reveals the genotype of an individual whose phenotype is  dominant

· Distinguish monohybrid, dihybrid and trihybrid crosses

· Determine the genotypic ratio from a mating.

· Determine the phenotypic ratio from a mating

· Determine the probability of a genotype from a mating

· Explain why sex-linked traits appear more often in males than in females.

· Describe the evidence that indicates that all chromosomes have linkage groups.

· Define crossing-over, and tell how it creates genetic variation.

· Distinguish between a point mutation and frame shift mutation.

· Name three types of chromosome mutation.

· Identify two external causes of mutation.

· Distinguish between polygenic traits and traits controlled by multiple alleles.

· Define the lac operon, and explain how it is turned on and off.

· Describe control of a eukaryotic enhancer sequence.

· Explain how _mRNA cleavage controls gene expression in eukaryotes.

· Describe the ways in which viruses and other carcinogens can cause cancer.

· Explain why scientists think that cancer represents out-of-control cell division.

· To produce a pedigree using appropriate symbols to represent the inheritance of a trait over several generations

· Summarize the procedure involved in constructing a chromosome map.

· Name three methods of studying human genetics

· Identify the methods of detecting genetic disorder during pregnancy.

· Name two disorders that are controlled by a single allele.

· Compare the advantages and disadvantages of inbreeding.

· Explain how hybridization can produce new varieties of organisms.

· List the steps involved in engineering bacteria able to manufacture human interferon.

· Describe gene sequencing and identify some of its uses.

· summarize the the manufacturing artificial chromosomes.

· Probability

· Statistics

· Fractions

· Ratios

· Percentages

· 5 Decimals

1. Deoxyribonucleic                       acid

2. Should be aware the human genome project exists.