Content Outline

Massachusetts Science Framework Standard/s

Concepts Objective

Associated Mathematics Skills

Prerequisite skills

EVOLUTION & BIODIVERSITY

I Origins of Life

   1. Primordial environment

       a. Experiments: Miller, Urey, Oparin, Fox

       b. Abiogenesis

       c. Biogenesis

 II. Evolutionary theories

      A. Charles Darwin

         1. origin of species

            a. directional selection

            b. stabilizing selection

            c. disruptive selection

            d. genetic drift

               1. founder effect

            e. genetic equilibrium

               1. Hardy-Weinberg principle

               2. conditions needed

                  a. random mating

                  b. large population

                  c. NO movement into or out of

                  d. NO mutation

                  e. NO natural selection

       B Natural selection

            1. speciation

                  a.  reproductive isolation

                  b. behavioral isolation

                  c. geographic isolation

                  d. temporal isolation

            2. divergent evolution

            3. convergent evolution

            4. gene pools

               1. variation

                  a. mutation

                  b. gene shuffling

            5. gradualism

            6. mass extinction

               a. extinct - no longer exist on earth

            7. interpretation

                  a. relative dating

                     1. index fossils

                  b. radioactive dating

                     1. half-life

            g. punctuated equilibrium

      C. Lamarck

         1. tendency toward perfection

         2. use & disuse

         3. inheritance of acquired traits

      c. Eve

      d. Creationism

      e. Geologic history of earth

         1. time scale

            a. Precambian Era

               1. first prokaryotes

               2. oxygen accumulation in

                   atmosphere

               3. first eukaryotes

                  a. Vendian Period

                     1. first multicellular organisms

             b. Paleozoic Era

               1. first land plants

               2. invertebrates & vertebrates

                  a. Cambrian Period

                     1. invertebrates with protective

                        coverings

                     2. brachioppods

                     3. trilobites

                  b. Ordoviccan Period

                      1. arthropods

                      2. first vertebrates

                         a. jawless

                      3. aquatic plants

                   c. Silurian Period

                      1. arthropods

                      2. first vertebrates

                        a. jawless

                     3. aquatic plants

                  d. Devonian Period

                     1. land plants and ferns

                     2. age of fish (sharks appear)

                     3. amphibians

                  e. Carboniferous Period

                     1. reptiles

                     2. winged insects

                     3. giant plants

                     4. mass extinction

            c. Mesozoic Era

               1. age of Dinosaurs

                  a. Triassic Period

                     1. age of reptiles

                     2. fish, insects, reptiles, cone

                        bearing plants

                   b. Jurassic Period

                      1. age of dinosaurs

                      2. birds

                   c. Cretaceous Period

                      1. reptiles

                      2. birds

                      3. angiosperms

            d. Cenozoic Era

               1. age of mammals

                  a. Tertiary Period

                     1. climates mild & warm

                     2. marine mammals

                     3. grasses

                  b. Quaternary Period

                     1. mammals

                     2. algae, coral, mollusks, fish,

                       mammals

                     3. insects

                     4. birds

                     5. man

      f. evolutionary evidence

         1. fossils

         2. developmental

            a. homologous & analogous

               structures

            b. ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

            c. chemical similarities

               1. DNA

               2. RNA

               3. proteins

            d. cellular similarities

    3. Patterns of evolution

      a. mass extinction

         1. species extinction

      b. adaptive radiation

       c. convergent evolution

      d. co-evolution

      e. punctuated equilibrium

    4. Biodiversity is charted by classification

      a. key

5.1 Explain how the fossil record, comparative anatomy, and other evidence support the theory of evolution.

5.1 Explain how the fossil record, comparative anatomy, and other evidence support the theory of evolution.

5.2 Illustrate how genetic variation is preserved or eliminated from a population through Darwinian natural selection (evolution) resulting in biodiversity.

· List four developments scientists hypothesize were necessary before life could have originated on earth

· State what is meant by evolution

· Compare Lamarck’s theory of evolution with Darwin’s theory of evolution.

· Summarize the evidence of evolution provided by living organisms.

· Contrast the effects of stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection on variation in a trait over time

· Define natural selection

· Explain why adaptive radiation is a form of divergent evolution.

· Compare and contrast divergent evolution with convergent evolution.

· Define and give an example of coevolution

· Define geographic isolation.

· Summarize the theory of punctuated equilibrium.

· List four developments scientists hypothesize were necessary before life could have originated on earth.

· Compare and contrast coacervates and microspheres with living cells

· List three characteristics that describe the organisms scientists think were the first forms of life on earth.

· Describe how prokaryotes and eukaryotes might have evolved.

· Name two ways that oxygen in the atmosphere influenced the evolution of life.

· Summarize the endosymbiont hypothesis.

· List some traits shared by all primates.

· Name two distinguishing characteristics of anthropoids.

· Give examples of traits unique to humans.

· Describe different types of fossils, and explain how the age of a fossil can be determined.

· Outline how the fossil record suggests that species have changed over time.

· Compare the morphological concept of species with the biological concept of species.

· Define genetic equilibrium.

· Define genetic drift.

· Describe how natural selection differs from mutation, migration, and genetic drift.

· Define the role of biosystematics in inferring evolutionary relationships.

1.      Number line

· Should that variation between organisms is normal.

· Should know organisms have both a common & scientific name.

· Should know a scientific name consists of 2 words (genus & species names)

· Should be familiar with a classification key.