Content Outline

Massachusetts Science Framework Standard/s

Concepts Objective

Associated Mathematics Skills

Prerequisite skills

CHEMISTRY OF LIFE

(Inorganic, Organic, Biochemistry)

   I. Inorganic chemistry

      A. Structure of matter

         1. atomic structure

            a. nucleus

               1. proton properties

               2. neutron properties

            b. electron cloud

               1. electron properties

               2. electron configuration

                  a. oxidation #

            c. Van der Waal forces

                1. intermolecular forces of attraction

                2. molecular forces

                   a. hydrogen bonds

                   b. intermolecular forces

      B. States of matter

         1. solid

         2. liquid

         3. gas

        4. plasma

           a. characteristics

              1. ionized gases

        5. Bose-Einstein condensates

           a. characteristics

  C. Classification of matter

         1. elements

            a. isotopes

         2. compounds

            a. covalent bonds

            b. ionic bonds

         3. mixture

            a. heterogeneous

               1. suspension

            b. homogeneous

               1. solutions

                  a. ionic solutions

                  b. molecular solutions

         4. colloid

              a. Tyndall Effect

              b. gel-sol transformations

                  1. irreversible colloids

                  2. reversible colloids

      D. Properties of matter

         1. physical and chemical properties

         2. Physical and chemical changes

E. Chemical reactions

         1. Decomposition

         2. Synthesis

         3. Single displacement

         4. Double displacement

         5. Oxidation

        6. Neutralization

            a. endothermic

          . b. exothermic

         c. activation energy

      F. Water.

         1. Polar molecule

            a. Universal solvent

         2. physical properties

         3. chemical properties

         4. adhesion

         5. cohesion

   II. Biochemical

      A. Chemistry of Carbon

         1. Properties of carbon

            a. chemical

               1. polymerization

               2. iosmers

      B... Carbohydrates

         1.. monosaccharides

            a.. Classes of monosaccharides

                 Composition

                 Ratio of C:H:O

         2. oligosaccharides

            a. disaccharides

              aa. hydration decomposition

              ab. dehydration synthesis

            b. trisaccharides

              ba. hydration decomposition

              bb. dehydration synthesis

         3. polysaccharides

            a. hydration decomposition

            b. dehydration synthesis

     C. Lipids

         a. fat, oils, waxes

         b. structure of lipids

            1. glycerol

            2. fatty acid

               a. dehydration synthesis

            3. saturated fats

            4. unsaturated fats

            5. polyunsaturated

            6. Phospholipids

                 a. Chemical structure

                 b. hydrophobic nature

                 c. hydrophilic nature

                 d. Biological function

       D. Proteins.

         1. Structure of amino acids

              a. hydration decomposition

              b. dehydration synthesis

         2. Enzymes

                1. activation energy

                2. enzyme theory

                3. enzyme substrate complex

   E. Nucleic Acids

            a. Structure

               1. nucleosides

                   Purine

                   Pyrimidine

               2. nucleotides

                   Purine

                   Pyrimidine

            b. Nucleic acids

               1. Deoxyribonucleic acid

                  a. structure & composition

                  b. replication

               2. Ribonucleic acids

                  a. structure & composition

  F. Protein Synthesis

            A. RNA’s  structure

            B. RNA’s  function

            C. RNA coding

               1. triplet in DNA

               2. codon

               3. anticodon

            D. Replication

               a. translation

                  1. _mRNA

                  2. _tRNA

                  3._rRNA

               b. transcription

C1.3 Describe the four states of matter (solid, liquid, gas, plasma) in terms of particle motion, and phase transitions.

C1.4 Distinguish between chemical and physical changes.

C2.7Write the electron configurations for elements in the first three rows of the periodic table.

C4.5 Identify the types of intermolecular forces present based on molecular geometry.

C1.3 Describe the four states of matter (solid, liquid, gas, plasma) in terms of particle motion, and phase transitions.

C1.4 Distinguish between chemical and physical changes.

C5.2 Classify chemical reactions as synthesis (combination), decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, or combustion.

C7.1 Describe the process by which solutes dissolve in solvents.

C7.2 Identify and explain the factors that affect the rate of dissolving, i.e. temperature, concentration, and mixing.

1.1 Explain the significance of carbon in organic molecules.

1.2 Recognize the six most common elements in organic molecules.

1.3 Describe the composition and functions of the four major categories of organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids).

C4.1 Explain how atoms combine to form compounds through both ionic and covalent bonding.

1.5 Explain the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions.

.

3.1 Describe the structure and function of DNA, and distinguish among replication, transcription, and translation

3.2 Describe the processes of replication, transcription, and translation and how they complement each other in molecular biology

3.3 Describe the general pathway by which ribosomes synthesize proteins by using _tRNA and _rTNA to translate genetic information encoded in _mRNAs

· To be able to explain the arrangement of ions and their function in the atom.

· To be able to explain attraction between atoms.

· To be able to distinguish between the 5 states of matter.

· To be able to define and list the properties of compounds, mixtures, and solutions

· To be and to contrast and explain bonding.

· To be able to show the interrelatedness between inorganic and organic matter

· To be able to differenciate between a solution, suspension and colloid

· To be able to compare the sol state and the gel state of a colloid

· To be able to provide examples of solutions, suspensions and colloids.

· To be able to define and list the physical and chemical properties of matter.

· To be able to identify and distinguish between a physical and chemical change

To be able to distinguish between the various chemical reactions: synthesis (combination), decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, or combustion

· To be able to summarize the way in which polarity in the water molecule gives it, its unique properties and makes it essential for life.

· To be able to summarize the way in which water and its unique properties make it essential

  · To be able to distinguish between inorganic and organic matter

· To be able to explain the properties of a carbon atom and its importance to living things.

· To be able to distinguish the difference between types of carbohydrates

· To be able to discuss the significance of carbohydrates to organisms.

·  To be able to write a complete hydration decomposition reaction involving carbohydrates.

· To be able to write a complete dehydration synthesis reaction involving carbohydrates

· To be able to relate the structure of lipids to their functions.

· To be able to write a complete dehydration synthesis reaction involving carbohydrates

·  To draw a molecular formula for saturated fat and unsaturated fat.

· To distinguish between a saturated and unsaturated fat

· To draw the chemical structure of a fatty acid

· To identify hydrophoblic and hydrophilic nature of a lipid

· To relate the hydrophoblic and hydrophilic nature of a lipid to the membrane structure.

· To be able to identify the chemical components of an amino acid.

· To be able to explain the significance of the “R” group found on an amino acid.

· To be able to write a complete hydration decomposition reaction involving proteins.

· To be able to write a complete dehydration synthesis reaction involving amino acids

· To explain the function of an enzyme in biochemical reactions.

· To explain the theories for the specificity of enzymes in a living thing.

· To explain the energy requirements of a catalyzed reaction

· To be able to list essential functions of nucleic acids.

· To identify and draw the

· To be able to describe and draw the basic structure of DNA

· To explain the process of replication

·  To be able to summarize the process of translation.

·  To be able to summarize the process of transcription.

·  To be able to distinguish between a codon and an anticodon, and  where each is found.

· To explain the significance of nonsense codes.

· To determine the specific amino acids that are coded in a DNA molecule.

· To determine the codes on the various RNA’s necessary for protein synthesis to occur.

· To determine the number of triplets codes necessary to code for a specific protein.

· To explain the significance of using a sequence of three DNA bases in developing a code for the various amino acids

· To explain the significance and relationship between each of the codes found in protein synthesis.

· To explain the details of protein synthesis

· Addition

· Subtraction

· Ratio

· Fluid mosaic structure of the cell membrane

 · Cell Cycle