Content Outline

Massachusetts Science Framework Standard/s

Concepts Objective

Associated Mathematics Skills

Prerequisite skills

CELL DIVISION

   I. Cell growth:

      A.  Surface area to volume

           a. size restraints

  II. Chromosomes

A.     Homologous chromosomes

B.      Autosomal chromosomes

C.     Sex chromosomes

 III. Cell Cycle

     A. Interphase

         1. G₁ phase

         2. S phase

         3. G₂ phase

     B. MITOSIS

        1. Prophase

          a. Characteristic of phase

        2.  Metaphase

          a. Characteristic of phase    

        3.Anaphase

          a. Characteristic of phase

        4 Telophase

          a. Characteristic of phase

        5. Cytokinesis

         a. cleavage furrow formed in animal

             cells

         b. plate formation formed in plant cells

        c. 2 daughter cells that are diploid

    C. Plant cell mitosis

    D. Cell cycle regulators

         1. cyclin

            a. internal regulators - respond to

                events that occur inside the cell

            b. external regulators - respond to

               events that occur outside the cell

          2. cancer

               a. uncontrolled cell growth

                  1. failure to respond to cyclins

                     a. _p53 genes are damaged or

                        defective

      D. stem cells

          1. Totipotent nature

            a. dependent on chemical influences

   4. Meiosis

      A. Oogenesis

         1. unequal division

         2. Meiosis I

            a. tetrad formation

               1. crossing-over

            b. primary oocyte + 3 polar bodies

               1. all diploid

         3. Meiosis II

            a. NO replication of chromosomes

               1. results in haploid cells

               2. primary oocyte

                  a. polar body

               3. secondary oocyte

                  a. polar bodies

                  b. ova formation

      B. Spermatogenesis

         1. equal division

         2. Meiosis I

            a. tetrad formation

               1. crossing-over

            b. Spermatocytes (diploid)

         3. Meiosis II

            a. NO replication of chromosomes

               1. Spermatocytes (haploid)

               2. Secondary spermatocytes  

               3. Spermatozoa

                     1. flagella

                    2. acrosome

        C. Fertilization

            1. Chromosome Number

        D. Embryology

             1. Stages

             2. Germ Layers

2.10 Describe and compare the processes of mitosis and meiosis and the cell cycle

· To explain the relationship between the total surface area of a cell to its total volume as it grows.

· To define the cell cycle and tell what occurs in a cell during each phase of this cycle.

· Describe the changes that take place during each of the three phases of interphase

· To name the structures that appear in a cell during mitosis, state when they appear, and explain their functions.

· Explain what occurs during cytokinesis

· To compare the mother cell with the daughter cells

· To explain the process of plant mitosis

· To compare mitosis in a plant cell to that of an animal cell

· To define and state the outcome of meiosis.

· To summarize the events that occur during meiosis I and meiosis II

· To identify by name the cells formed during oogenesis and spermatogenesis

· To describe the formation of egg and sperm in animals

· To explain why sexually reproducing organisms have a survival advantage over organisms that reproduce by mitosis

· To explain the difference between a diploid cell and a haploid cell

· To explain the ramifications of crossing over.

· To explain the significance of the formation of the polar bodies.

· To explain the changes that take place in the formation of the spermatozoa.

· To explain the stages that the fertilized cell undergoes.

· To explain the significance of the formation of the germ layers

· Addition

· Division

· Multiplication

· Surface area formula

· Volume formula

· 3-dimensional structure

Cell structure

Nuclear organelles

Cytoplasmic                                 organelles